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Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to the Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Sociology -- 1. Age and generation -- 2. Alienation -- 3. Anarchism -- 4. Authoritarian and totalitarian regimes -- 5. Biopolitics -- 6. Bourdieu, Pierre -- 7. Bureaucracy -- 8. Capitalism -- 9. Citizenship -- 10. Civic engagement -- 11. Civic voluntarism -- 12. Civil disobedience -- 13. Civil society -- 14. Civil wars -- 15. Class -- 16. Class consciousness and class struggle -- 17. Class voting -- 18. Cleavages -- 19. Clientelism -- 20. Coalition formation -- 21. Collective action -- 22. Comparativehistorical sociology -- 23. Comparative political economy -- 24. Comparative political sociology -- 25. Conflict theory -- 26. Constructivism -- 27. Contentious politics -- 28. Corporatism and neo-corporatism -- 29. Decommodification -- 30. Democracy -- 31. Democratization -- 32. De Tocqueville, Alexis -- 33. Discrimination -- 34. Durkheim, Emile -- 35. Economic voting -- 36. Emotions -- 37. Empowerment -- 38. Environmentalism -- 39. Ethnicity -- 40. Ethnocentrism -- 41. Europeanization -- 42. Euroscepticism -- 43. Exploitation -- 44. Extreme right -- 45. Factionalism -- 46. Feminism -- 47. Field theory -- 48. Foucault, Michel -- 49. Framing/frame analysis -- 50. Frankfurt School -- 51. Functionalism -- 52. Gender -- 53. Globalization -- 54. Governance -- 55. Governmentality -- 56. Gramsci, Antonio -- 57. Group consciousness -- 58. Identity -- 59. Ideology -- 60. Inequality (political) -- 61. Institutionalism -- 62. Interest groups -- 63. Intersectionality -- 64. Left/right -- 65. Legitimacy -- 66. Liberalism -- 67. Libertarianism and authoritarianism -- 68. Lifestyle politics -- 69. Marx, Karl -- 70. Marxism and neo-Marxism -- 71. Mass media -- 72. Memory (collective) -- 73. Michels, Robert -- 74. The micro-macro link -- 75. Migration.

Environmental movements worldwide / Maria Grasso and Marco Giugni -- Environmental movements in Western Europe : from globalization and institutionalization to a new model of radicalization in the 21st century? / Silvie Ollitrault -- Rhapsody in green : environmental movements in Central Eastern Europe / Ondrej Cisar -- The "tar wars" and climate justice activism in North America : a transboundary movement linking the U.S. and Canada / Ellen Spears -- Geographies of Latin American social-environmental movements : defending territories and lifeways in the face of violent extractivism / Joel Correia -- Environmental movements in Asia : divergent relationship with political liberalization / Fengshi Wu -- Middle East and North Africa : civil society and environmental activism in the Arab world / Salpie Djoundourian -- African environmental movements : Africans saving Africa themselves / Phia Steyn -- Rising tides and dirty coal : the environmental movement in Oceania / Robyn Gulliver, Susilo Wibisono and Winnifred Louis -- Environmental conservation / Angela Mertig -- Anti-nuclear movements in the US, Europe and Asia / Helena Flam and Hiroshi Onda -- Extractivism in the America's indigenous : the land of resisters / Ana Isla -- Climate change movements in the Global North / Eugene Nulman -- Animal rights and anti-speciesism / Lyle Munro -- Political consumerism and food activism / Jasmine Lorenzini -- Environmental justice and climate justice / Phaedra Pezzullo -- Indigenous movements /Linda Etchart -- Environmental movements and their political context / Joost de Moor and Mattias Wahlström -- Mobilizing environmental experts and expertise / Scott Frickel and Florencia Arancibia -- From environmental (movement) organizations to the organizing of environmental collective action / Mario Diani -- Environmental and animal oriented radicalization : walking a different path? / Gerry Nagtzaam and Pete Lentini -- New forms of environmental movement institutionalization : marketization and the politics of responsibility / Håkan Thörn -- Commercialization and environmental movements / Philip Balsiger -- Social class and environmental movements / Magnus Wennerhag and Anders Hylmo -- Political values and socialization in environmental movements / David Tindall, Erick Lachapelle, Valerie Berseth and Marjolaine Martel-Morin -- Social networks and recruitment for environmental movements / Clare Saunders -- Framing environmental issues / Louisa Parks -- Gender and environmental movements / Suzanne Staggenborg and Chie Togami -- Environmental activism and everyday life / Francesca Forno and Stefan Wahlen -- Policy and legislative outcomes of environmental movements / Erik Johnson and Jon Agnone -- Influence of environmental movements on public opinion and attitudes : do people's movements move the people? / Joanna Huxster -- Environmental movements and scientific, technological, and industrial change / David Hess -- Biographical consequences of environmental activism / Sara Vestergren and John Drury -- Youth and environmental activism / Sarah Pickard, Benjamin Bowman and Dena Arya -- Environmental movements and digital media / Anastasia Kavada and Doug Specht -- Green democracy / Amanda Machin -- Neoliberalism and social-environmental movements in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crash : linking struggles against social, spatial and environmental inequality / Elia Apostolopoulou -- The future of environmental movements / Carl Cassegard.

"Living with Hard Times provides the first comparative study of the socio-political effects of the Great Recession amongst European citizens. It presents a detailed investigation of heterogeneity in the population within countries with respect to how citizens made sense of the crisis and how this impacted their livelihoods, outlooks and political engagement. It analyses citizens' experiences of the economic crisis, the decline of living standards and deprivation by structural location as well as differences in economic outlooks. It also examines the ways in which citizens from different social groups were able to be resilient to the effects of the economic crisis. Moreover, it shows how social support and social capital emerging from social relations contributed to resilience in the face of the crisis. Furthermore, it explores citizen attitudes to various welfare policies and to immigration, and how support for populist parties is differentiated within the population. Finally, the book looks at the impact of the crisis on different types of political action challenging incumbent governments and protesting against austerity policies."

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Praise for Youth and Politics in Times of Increasing Inequalities -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Youth and Politics in Times of Increasing Inequalities -- Youth and Politics: Apathy or Alternative Engagement? -- Socialization and Youth Political Engagement -- Changing Modes of Participation -- Two Key Issues: Climate Change and Democracy -- The Survey -- Comparing Youth Political Engagement in Nine European Democracies -- References -- Part I: Socialization and Youth Political Participation -- Chapter 2: Class Against Democracy? Family Background, Education, and (Youth) Political Participation in Germany -- Introduction -- Political Participation, Social Mobility, Education, and the Case of Germany -- Data and Methods -- Youth, Educational Attainment and Political Participation in Germany -- Discussion and Concluding Remarks: Is Political Participation (of the Young) in Germany all About Class? -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 3: Youth's Socializing Spheres in Switzerland: Educational, Recreational, and Community Activities -- Introduction -- Three Socializing Spheres -- Social Correlates of Young People's Involvement in the Socializing Spheres -- Explaining Young People's Involvement in the Socializing Spheres -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Disclosing Inequalities: Gender and Patterns of Political Participation Among the Italian Youth -- Introduction -- Going Backwards? Gender Legacies in Italy -- Gender Gap in Youth's Political Participation -- Methods and Data -- Gender Gap in Political Participation: The Role of Inequalities and Socialisation -- Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Modes of Youth Participation -- Chapter 5: Between Indifference and Rejection of Politics: Mobilization of Youth in Post-contentious France.

What are protest politics and social movement activism today? What are their main features? To what extent can street citizens be seen as a force driving social and political change? Through analyses of original survey data on activists themselves, Marco Giugni and Maria T. Grasso explain the character of contemporary protest politics that we see today - the diverse motivations, social characteristics, values and networks that draw activists to engage politically to tackle the pressing social problems of our time. The study analyzes left-wing protest culture as well as the characteristics of protest politics, from the motivations of street citizens to how they become engaged in demonstrations to the causes they defend and the issues they promote, from their mobilizing structures to their political attitudes and values, as well as other key aspects such as their sense of identity within social movements, their perceived effectiveness, and the role of emotions for protest participation.

Dissent and democratic practice -- Governing youth politics in the age of surveillance / Judith Bessant and Maria Grasso -- Theorising student protest, liberalism and the problem of legitimacy / Rob Watts -- Youthful protest and repressive law -- Panic works : the "gag law" and the unruly youth in Spain / Kerman Calvo and Martín Portos -- Controlling dissent through security in contemporary Spain / Pedro Limón López and Laura Fernández de Mosteyrín -- "Proxy repression"? : the causes behind the change of protest control repertoire / by the Université Du Québec À Montréal during the 2015 Student Strike, Luc Chicoine -- Governing, monitoring and regulating youth protest in contemporary Britain / Sarah Pickard -- Anti-Terror Legislation and the Youthful Other -- Surveillance of muslim youth and counter terrorism in Kenya / Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen -- On becoming "radicalised" : pre-emptive surveillance and intervention to save the young muslim in the UK / Vicki Coppock, Surinder Guru and Tony Stanley -- Active citizenship and governmentality : the politics and resistance of young Muslims in the security state / Anisa Mustafa -- Resisting and creating new public spheres -- What future for young people's political activism? / Jane McDonnell -- Effects of the regime in Malaysia on youth political participation / Norhafiza Mohd Hed -- Russian politics of radicalisation and surveillance / Anna Schwenck -- Biocultural metrics and the moral policing of young people's politics in contemporary India / Pramod Nayar -- Surveillance and the student : government policing of young women's politics / Paromita Sen -- Electoral engineering and surveillance : British young people and politics / Matt Henn, Ben Oldfield and Judith Bessant

This article investigates the relationship between public funding and the political activities of youth organisations in Europe. By analysing original data from a random sample of about 4500 youth organisations in nine countries generated through a content analysis of organisations' websites, we examine the extent to which they engage in political activities. The analysis provides evidence for a negative impact of public funding on the engagement of youth organisations in political activities. This suggests that receiving financial resources from state institutions may lead to depoliticisation. Moreover, we also show how the effect of public funding is conditional upon the broader context, suggesting that the question of whether public funding encourages or discourages youth organisations to carry out political activities may be contingent on their broader economic and political environment.

Particularly in the current context of rapid political change it is key to understand the political participation of young people and what underpins their political engagement patterns as well the as the inequalities that may lay beneath them. While there is a rich literature on youth participation, to date we have lacked the data to carry out detailed subgroup analyses to understand differences in the political participation between different groups of youth cross-nationally. The papers in this Special Issue all examine different aspects of youth participation in the current context. They examine key questions for participation including the inequalities, socialising influences, polarisation, online participation, radical political views, tolerance, life engagement and opportunities for social inclusion. This Special Issue thus provides a contemporary analysis of youth participation in Europe in the current historical juncture.

The declining political engagement of youth is a concern in many European democracies. However, young people are also spearheading protest movements cross-nationally. While there has been research on political inequalities between generations or inter-generational differences, research looking at differences within youth itself, or inequalities between young people from different social backgrounds, particularly from a cross-national perspective, is rare. In this article, we aim to fill this gap in the literature. Using survey data from 2018 on young people aged 18–34 years, we analyse how social class background differentiates groups of young people in their political engagement and activism across nine European countries. We look at social differentiation by social class background for both political participation in a wide variety of political activities including conventional, unconventional, community and online forms of political participation, and at attitudes linked to broader political engagement, to paint a detailed picture of extant inequalities amongst young people from a cross-national perspective. The results clearly show that major class inequalities exist in political participation and broader political engagement among young people across Europe today.

Particularly in the current context of rapid political change, it is crucial to understand the political participation of young people and what underpins their political engagement patterns as well the as the inequalities that may lie beneath them. While there is a rich literature on youth participation, to date we have lacked the data to carry out detailed subgroup analyses to understand differences in the political participation between different groups of youth cross-nationally. The papers in this Special Issue all examine different aspects of youth participation in the current context. They examine key questions for participation including the inequalities, socialising influences, polarisation, online participation, radical political views, tolerance, life engagement and opportunities for social inclusion. This Special Issue thus provides a contemporary analysis of youth participation in Europe in the current historical juncture.